New Article Reveals the Low Down on 4th Grade Argumentative Essay Samples and Why You Must Take Action Today

New Article Reveals the Low Down on 4th Grade Argumentative Essay Samples and Why You Must Take Action Today Our customer support will gladly tell you whether there are any special offers at the present time, and make sure you are getting the very best service our business can deliver. Use the assistance of true academic experts and receive the service you have earned! The customer could possibly be angry because they made incorrect assumptions that caused improper expectations. Tell the customer that you have the issue and will apply your private effort to achieve effects. Whispered 4th Grade Argumentative Essay Samples Secrets If you decide to be an independent essay writer, you can expect the exact same. The essay should have a little structure, unlike a normal essay. Nowadays it is quite hard to locate a trustworthy essay writing service. A number of the essays require that you describe what's happening and a number of them are about why it's happening. It is by far the most frequent kind of an argumentative essay. There are a few specific elements that are necessary in an argumentative essay. If you wish to learn more about the argumentative essay read a brief summary on four essay types within this guide. Writing an argumentative essay might seem a challenging job. Your writing has to be brief and concise. The most frequently encountered paper writing service that the vast majority of our clients require is essay writing. When you're attempting to begin your research paper you will need to get a fantastic outline and form some essential tips for research topics. When you inform us about all of the paper information, we'll begin searching for an appropriate writer for your paper. Argumentative essays are also referred to as position papers due to their justification of the side of the issue they are written in support of. Any superior task finishes with a fantastic conclusion and the very best examples of the argumentati ve essay will arrive in with a conclusion which has an overview of all of the points together with a gist of the evidences provided. You're going to need to choose a topic first, but your topic needs to be something that has two conflicting points or distinct conclusions. When the topic was decided, it is crucial to come up with an argument surrounding the exact same. You're anticipated to persuade the readers with your arguments, so be certain that you include as many supporting academic parts of evidence as you're able to. At length, the conclusion comprises a restatement of the position and a succinct overview of the reasons and counters. You'll wind up lost without having the ability to make an argument and develop it correctly. A comprehensive argument As mentioned before, an argument does not need to be formal. Your introductory paragraph needs to be clear and concise just enjoy the example. Make sure you own a thesis statement and topic sentences for every single paragraph. Before concluding the essay, it is critical to summarise with a strong emphasis on the subject. There are some rather great examples of thesis statements which could be shown before. You can also get in touch with your writer to supply some excess recommendations or request information regarding the order's progress. Resolving a technical issue might be only pa rtially effective should it not also handle the customer emotional concerns. In here, you shouldn't introduce any new details. At precisely the same time, it also needs to be simple to research, that way you'll locate evidence to support claims you make. If it's the very first time you're likely to use our article writing service, you most likely have a lot of questions. You will need to understand how long you've got and how much you might write in the allocated time. Should you need extra assistance with editing and revising, there are a couple free tools readily available online. Even though it might seem that the customer doesn't care about what you've got to say in the beginning, bear in mind that the customer approached you for resolution. 4th Grade Argumentative Essay Samples Features Today the internet enables people to make statements about things happening on the opposing side of the Earth, but based only on what they have seen on the monitor. It's not effective to interrupt the customer if he or she's venting combustible sentiments. Eventually the customer must lower her or his voice to hear what you're saying.

The Parable Of The Sower By Octavia Butler - 955 Words

In the Parable of the Sower by Octavia Butler, the main character, Lauren Olamina, leaves behind Christianity, a religion that she identified with her whole life and creates a new religion known as Earthseed. Earthseed is a naturalistic way of faith, based on the idea that God is changeable, therefore life, too, could change. Lauren Olamina creates Earthseed because she believes that it is what her people need in order to not only alter their chaotic and misguided ways, but to live a pro-active and positive life. At least three years ago, my father’s God stopped being my God. His church stopped being my church (Sower, chapter 2). Lauren s father was a Baptist minister. His beliefs emphasized a biblical-based religion, where elements of sin and salvation were prominent. Lauren, however, did not agree much with her father s faith. In the opening of chapter 2, she expresses her regret when she allowed her father to baptize her in all the three names of the God that was not hers anymore. Lauren s struggle with her beliefs inevitably inspires her to create a new religion. This new religion was known as Earthseed. Earthseed was a religion based on the process of change. It dealt with, â€Å"ongoing reality, not with supernatural authority figures (Sower, chapter 18).Lauren believed that the only lasting truth is change (Sower, chapter 1)†, therefore change is the only thing in life that was constant. Her new faith was also an impersonal force that can be shaped by humans andShow MoreR elatedParable Of The Sower By Octavia Butler1137 Words   |  5 Pagespost apocalyptic book Parable of the Sower by Octavia Butler set in mid 2020’s touches upon a world where there is still slavery, with the same evil but with a different face. Through this essay we will be looking at the comparisons of the Hispanic farmworkers rights movement in the 1960’s and 1970’s and the world Octavia Butler has produced through her book expanding on the idea that that modern day slavery has not disappeared. In the book Parable of the Sower by Octavia Butler, we follow the lifeRead MoreParable Of The Sower By Octavia Butler2415 Words   |  10 PagesIn the novel Parable of the Sower, Octavia Butler paints a picture of a dystopia in the United States in which the current societal problems are overly exaggerated into the worst-case scenario. Butler describes a world plagued with high unemployment rates, violence, homelessness, a flawed police system, and a crumbling education system. Butler focuses the story on the poor and the homeless by only giving characters with this background a voice in order to show the reader that society’s views andRead MoreParable Of The Sower By Octavia Butler1796 Words   |  8 Pages Octavia Butler’s novel, Parable of the Sower, is a dystopian story about a young girl who goes through drastic change throughout her life. The main character, Lauren Olamina, is a vulnerable girl who suffers from hyper-empathy syndrome, an illness which makes he r sensitive to other people’s problems. Not long after, the neighborhood in Robledo is attacked and invaded by pyromaniacs as the houses are burned down, killing Lauren s stepmother and brothers. Her brother Keith had been brutally murderedRead MoreParable Of The Sower By Octavia Butler Essay1935 Words   |  8 PagesIn Parable of the Sower, by Octavia Butler, the author raises intriguing possibilities about the consequences of the United States continuing its current path on issues such as global warming, poverty, and human trafficking. Butler predicts that in the future human trafficking will become a widespread norm as the nation deteriorates. Unfortunately, the reality of widespread human trafficking has already been realized both in the United States and globally. Human trafficking has become a widespreadRead MoreThe Parable Of The Sower By Octavia Butler1799 Words   |  8 PagesThe Parable of the Sower, written by Octavia Butler, is considered a science fiction novel , classified as dystopian. This novel depicts a post-apocalyptic world where the United States has fallen into tremendous poverty. Crime, such as murder, rape, and theft, run rampant to the point where no one is considered safe. The society in this novel is completely destroyed. The foundation has crumbled socially, politically, and economically. The citizens are left to fend for themselves in, what is now,Read MoreParable Of The Sower Octavia Butler Essay2230 Words   |  9 Pagesâ€Å"God is Power—infinite, irresistible, inexorable, indifferent. And yet, God is Pliable—trickster, teacher, chaos, clay. God exists to be shaped. God is Change.† (Butler 25). In Parable of the Sower Octavia Butler introduces the concept of religion through her characters specifically Lauren. In a society that is crumbling, religion is seemed to be the only thing striving. The idea that although society could be falling apart many of the characters either cling to their beliefs, or shy away from themRead MoreParables Of The Sower By Octavia E. Butler1641 Words   |  7 Pagesthe novel Parables of the Sower by Octavia E. Butler earth’s current day issue of global warming has taken a turn for the worst, thus leaving many parts of the world severely depleted of usable water and years without rain. â€Å"It’s raining†¦ ‘well we have wind’, Cory said. ‘Wind and maybe a few drops of rain, or maybe just a little cool weather. That would be welcome. It’s all we’ll get.’That’s all there has been for six years† (butler 47). Is Octavia E. Butler novel Parables of the Sower predictingRead MoreParable Of The Sower By Octavia E. Butler1261 Words   |  6 PagesIn the book, Parable of the Sower by Octavia E. Butler, it presents a perfect example of a Survival of the fittest lifestyle. Only the best, the smarter, and the stronger ones, is able to survive, while the weaker individuals will be killed or dead. Lauren Olamina, the main character and her group travels towards the north by finding freedom. Many people did not have the mindset to be as strong as Lauren to survive, but she was extremely careful. She has always looked out for potential enemies wantingRead MoreFrankenstein, By Mary Shelley And Parable Of The Sower By Octavia E. Butler1347 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"And the Destiny of Earthseed is to take root among the stars.† (Butler 77) The books â€Å"Frankenstein† by Mary Shelley and â€Å"Parable of the Sower† by Octavia E. Butler are both science fiction novels warning of a dangerous potential future. Frankenstein looks at the dangers of creating artificially intelligent beings, while Parable of the Sower explores human savagery in the collapse of American civilization as the result of poor political decisions. Each addresses concerns of the time they were publishedRead MoreThe Tradition in Octavia E. Butler ´s Parable of the Sower Essay1069 Words   |  5 PagesIn Octavia E. Butler’s novel â€Å"Parable of the Sower†, the community was entirely collapsed, and almost everywhere was chaos and out of control. It was obviously in a dark period. The main character, Lauren used to live in the walled community; it was the only small safe place for people tried to maintain a normal life. Because the neighborhood provided a temporary safety, people were willing to stay for education and work even if the walled community had been getting crowded already. To compare and

Privacy Issues for Employment Candidates

Question: Discuss about the Privacy Issues for Employment Candidates. Answer: Introduction Technology has created the most convenient mode of virtual communication by presenting the social networking websites. Digital mode of communication has achieved huge response and attraction from individuals of several countries. Some of the most prominent Social Network Websites (SNWs) are Facebook, LinkedIn, Twitter, MySpace, Google+ and Instagram (Aral et al. 4). However, with such digital networking, often it is found that users are getting exploited through privacy breach. While considering the corporate practices as well, it is found that employers are using online tools to recruit the most potential candidates. In 2011 survey, it has been found that Fifty-six percent of companies are using SNW to recruit candidates and more than Twenty-five percent of employers accessed personal details of applicants by going online (Weigel). It has been evident that through accessing social media, employers are able to identify characteristics of applicants but on the other side the job applicants are facing privacy issues as their personal information is being interpreted by third parties. While accessing the candidates information, their privacy is at stake or in other words it can be said that employees are being regulated to socialize. This has created a serious concern among the candidates as their privacy is exposed just because of getting employed. Discussion on Privacy Issues Some employers use a candidates social media account as part of the application. According to Hensvik et al, in USA, accessing candidates social media profile is not illegal and therefore employers explicitly gain knowledge of the candidates personal information for directing their selection process (846). However, Milman et al. pointed out that even though employers access such information about candidates, still human judgment can never lead to a concrete decision about selection that can be considered as the perfect (451). Furthermore, Breaugh highlighted that business transformation through social media specifically in selection process is just supported by Fifty percent of the employers, while Seventy percent of employers indicate that acquiring information from Facebook and Twitter does not matter for accurate selection (401). For example, top multinational companies such as Microsoft and Google never try to access candidates social media account, whereas local Canadian compani es often try to access candidates personal information so that they can be regulated. Employers often feel that the personal life of individuals that are projected in social media indicates how candidates behave in their profession. According to Hazelton, screening information through social media does not always prove beneficial for the employers (55). This is because most of the individuals have a tendency to create a clear distinction between their personal and professional lives, however, either of which cannot stand as the best projection of employees characteristics. On the other hand, Slovensky et al. contradicted that employers are able to acquire the skills, likes, dislikes, personal attributes, social life and type of interaction that applicants follow in their day to day life (65). Such information about candidates creates a sense of judgment among the employers about the candidates suitability of employment and about the expected loyalty. However, finally while considering the view of Russell et al, it can be said that from the applicants perspective, acce ssing social media by third parties violates the privacy concerns, and it raises the ethical questions against farms performance (4). Over the years, it has been found that individuals try to socialize digitally by expressing their feelings, which is often perceived differently by employers. Chung pointed out that social media is the platform through which individuals are able to express their thoughts, feelings, aggressiveness, passions and even the weirdest mode of their lives (105). Osatuyi added that individuals who feel like trapped in a mirror, find SNW as the only mode of expressing their thoughts (14). However, all such information does only create the image of impulsive character of an individual. Therefore, while considering the view of Wheatcroft, it can be said that employers are just able to acquire the instinctive image or characteristics of an individual, based on which candidates are selected (17). This ultimately creates a biased decision and selection process is never accurate. The candidates are losing their selection in prospective roles as they are being judged by their digital social life. Some common examples such as profile customization, altering SNW settings, sharing login details are the ways by which job applicants are facing privacy issues. Considering certain examples from Aral et al, it can be said that many candidates are updating their SNW profiles in such a way that they can be attracted by employers (7). On the other hand, Osatuyi highlighted that at the time of interview sessions, employees are asked to alter their SNW privacy settings so that they can be monitored and evaluated (15). Often it is found that candidates are forced to change their privacy settings or they are simply rejected at the time of selection. This does not end here, often confirmed employees are asked to share their SNW login credentials so that employers can monitor their interactions. Also employers force associates to limit their interaction with particular society and communities so that the companys secrets do not get shared to others. However, after evaluating all the above exa mples, it can be said that it is the employees or candidates, whose privacy is being exploited just for the sake employment. Laroche et al. pointed out that all such activities are considered as unethical but legal actions cannot be taken as employees are not physically or financially exploited (79). Privacy is completely vulnerable to risk by third parties, and candidates are forced to limit their daily interactions. The freedom of networking and communication, interaction and expression, grief and pleasure is either getting perceived or getting regulated by third parties, which indicates how candidates privacy is at stake. Accessing social account information of candidates by employers indicates how ethically an organization is practicing its recruitment and selection process. According to Slovensky et al, acquiring personal information by employers for recruitment and selection process creates a sense of fairness issue, as accessing private information is unacceptable to society (59). How a farm uses information to make decision and provide explanation for those, raises the question of informational justice regarding the willingness and attitude of organization towards accepting farms job offer. On the other hand, Hensvik et al. argued that privacy issues are related to procedural justice, which creates relationship mediation between their willingness for online selection process and applicants concern about private information (856). However, Wheatcroft raised the fact that an organization is able to acquire knowledge of its employees communication habits and therefore falsified activities of the ass ociates are noticed at any time (16). Also, by forcefully acquiring account credentials, the employers are able to regulate privacy settings of their employees, by which they are under extreme control by the management. Moreover, according to Russell et al, an organization is able to get the honest, accurate and truthful information about associates through SNW and even it stands as the most cost-effective way to gather personal information about candidates (3). On the other hand, if employees are concerned, then it can be said that their right of privacy is compromised, their right to decision, interaction and disclose information is under such an atmosphere that is filled with interference and coercion. Finally, it can be said that it is the job applicants who are facing extreme privacy concerns and their freedom of interface is hampered and their expression is restricted. Shoulder surfing is the practice that extremely violates a candidates privacy and individuality. Chung pointed out that SNW information creates several ethical and legal issues, as often it is found that employers ask employees to add them as friend so that they can follow and invade them (105). On the other hand, Hazelton pointed out that employers are simply rejecting candidates who are refusing to share their Facebook credentials, and who does so is commonly known as shoulder surfing (56). What so ever many be the activity, its the employees or the candidates whose privacy is at stake. Slovensky et al. opined that it is the candidates sole intension and decision whether to be a part of the organization or not, but for that they must not share private information or employers must not force them to disclose their passwords (61). However, in this competitive world, candidates have the willingness to compromise and for that often they share login credentials just for the sake of empl oyment as they do not want to lose the opportunity. There is no such concrete law that might revoke such proposal from employers, but is definitely a matter of ethics violation. Conclusion Considering the entire discussion, it has been understood that employers are trying to identify candidates characteristics by accessing their social networking accounts, which has affected individuals privacy. It can be said that accessing personal information of candidates through social networking websites seriously violates autonomy, individuality and a persons sense of privacy. The organizations cannot expect to bring each employees social life under one umbrella, which would be guided by prescribed behavior and lifestyle. This would be quite ridiculous and outrageous expectation from managers. In the land of diversity, managers cannot expect to channelize varying ideas, backgrounds, believes and ideologies of individuals. While concentrating on privacy issues, companies may use SNW to screen out the most inappropriate candidates but at the same time none should be discriminated against sexual orientation, age, race, or because of social media preferences. It must also be said th at at different point of time individuals compartmentalize their lives and therefore the character portrayed in SNW cannot determine their work ethic. Even employers must not prescribe the lifestyle and interaction pattern of employees by breaching their privacy settings through shoulder surfing. Reference List Aral, Sinan, ChrysanthosDellarocas, and David Godes. "Introduction to the special issuesocial media and business transformation: a framework for research."Information Systems Research24.1 (2013): 3-13. Breaugh, James A. "Employee recruitment."Annual review of psychology64 (2013): 389-416. Chung, Wingyan. "Social Media Analytics: Security and Privacy Issues."Journal of Information Privacy and Security, vol. 12, no. 3, (2016): 105-106. Hazelton, Andrew and Terhorst, Ashley "Legal and Ethical Considerations for Social Media Hiring Practices in the Workplace,"The Hilltop Review, vol. 7, Iss. 2, Article 7, (2015): 53-59. Hensvik, Lena, and Oskar Nordstrm Skans. "Social networks, employee selection, and labor market outcomes."Journal of Labor Economics34.4 (2016): 825-867. Hensvik, Lena, and Oskar Nordstrm Skans. "Social networks, employee selection, and labor market outcomes."Journal of Labor Economics34.4 (2016): 825-867. Laroche, Michel, Mohammad Reza Habibi, and Marie-Odile Richard. "To be or not to be in social media: How brand loyalty is affected by social media?"International Journal of Information Management33.1 (2013): 76-82. Milman, Ady, and Duncan Dickson. "Employment characteristics and retention predictors among hourly employees in large US theme parks and attractions."International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management26.3 (2014): 447-469. Osatuyi, Babajide. "Personality Traits and Information Privacy Concern on Social Media Platforms."The Journal of Computer Information Systems, vol. 55, no. 4, (2015): 11-19. Russell, Reinier, and Michle Stutz. "Social Media: What Employers Need To Know."Journal of Internet Law17.8 (2014): 3-6. Slovensky, Ross, and William H. Ross. "Should Human Resource Managers use Social Media to Screen Job Applicants? Managerial and Legal Issues in the USA."Info : the Journal of Policy, Regulation and Strategy for Telecommunications, Information and Media14.1 (2012): 55-69. Weigel, Margaret. "Social Media In The Workplace: Research Roundup - Journalist's Resource". Journalist's Resource. N.p., (2017). Web. 16 Mar. 2017 Wheatcroft, John. "Risks and Rewards in the World of Social Media: Firms and Staff must Tackle the Ultimate double-Edged Sword."Human Resource Management International Digest, vol. 24, no. 5, (2016): 16-18.

Seattle University Essay free essay sample

Why do you feel that Seattle University is a good match with your educational goals? Seattle University’s Jesuit teaching makes this college one of my top choices. My approach to education is eerily similar to Seattle University’s mission statement. I thrive best in an environment that focuses on educating the whole person through academics and spirituality. Since faith is a key component of my life, I want an education that views intellect and faith in a complementary way. Combined with Seattle University’s emphasis on community service, I will also learn how to make an impact both locally and globally. As I grow into adulthood I want to push myself. I also want to find new ways to make a difference in my surrounding community. Through Seattle University’s various service programs, I can nurture that goal. Albeit there are many Jesuit universities scattered throughout the country, Seattle University’s Matteo Ricci College of Humanities sets it apart from all others. We will write a custom essay sample on Seattle University Essay or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page I am extremely fortunate to attend John F. Kennedy Memorial High School where Matteo Ricci classes are offered. I am currently taking the Public Policy/Social Justice course. The class has uncovered various avenues of critical thinking that I have never considered before. I have discovered more about myself in this one semester than I have in the previous three years of high school. I fit into the groove of Seattle University courses and their well-rounded, introspective distinctiveness. Finally, Seattle is home. I was born and raised in this eccentric city, a city whose culture is reflected by Seattle University’s student body. I prosper in diverse surroundings, because I enjoy being exposed to many different types of people and cultures. I believe there is something to learn from all walks of life.

Stoppard, Tom The Real Inspector Hound

Stoppard, Tom The Real Inspector Hound The Arrogance of Reality Heidi-Jo Fonley English 254 Dr. Ken Pellow 5 March 2002 The Arrogance of Reality In his stage play, The Real Inspector Hound (1968), Tom Stoppard criticizes western society's inheritance from logical positivism and Aristotelian philosophy that claims it is possible to know what is real and what is illusion. He sets up a definitive boundary between reality and make-believe then destroys it, thereby throwing his audience into uncertainty. He does this by using the play-within-a-play method of absurdist drama but then adds a twist; he changes the identity of the players. Thus, Stoppard illustrates that reality is not the fixed boundary that Aristotelian philosophy has taught modern, western society to believe, but it is rather a fluid, conditional quality, and illusion is more difficult to distinguish than originally thought.As would happen in any realist play, Stoppard begins by allowing the audience to compartmentalize his two main characters.1998 Programme.

Careers for a Communications Major

Careers for a Communications Major Youve probably heard that being a communications major means a lot of job opportunities will be available for you after graduation. But what exactly are those opportunities? What are some of the best communications major jobs?   In contrast to, say, having a degree in molecular bioengineering, having a degree in communications allows you to take a variety of positions in a variety of fields. Your problem as a communications major, then, is not necessarily what to do with your degree but what industry youd like to work in. Communications Degree Jobs Do public relations (PR) for a large company. Working in the PR office of a large regional, national, or even international company can be an exciting experience simply because of the size of the PR team and the messaging.Do PR for a small company. A huge  company not your thing? Focus a little closer to home and see if any local, small companies are hiring in their PR departments. Youll get more experience in more areas while helping a smaller company grow.Do PR for a nonprofit. Nonprofits focus on their missions the environment, helping kids, etc. but they also need help running the business side of things. Doing PR for a nonprofit can be an interesting job youll always feel good about at the end of the day.Do marketing for a company with interests that parallel your own. PR not quite your thing? Consider using your communications major in a marketing position at a place that has a mission and/or values you are also interested in. If you love acting, for example, consider work ing at a theater; if you love photography, consider doing marketing for a photography company. Apply for a social media position. Social media is new to lots of folks but many college students are very familiar with it. Use your age to your advantage and work as a social media expert for a company of your choosing.Write content for an online company/website. Communicating online requires a very specific skill set. If you think you have what it takes, consider applying for a writing/marketing/PR position for an online company or website.Work in the government. Uncle Sam can offer an interesting gig with reasonable pay and good benefits. See how you can put your communications major to use while helping your country.Work in fundraising. If youre good at communicating, consider going into fundraising. You can meet lots of interesting folks while doing important work in a challenging job.Work at a college or university. Colleges and universities require a lot of communication jobs: admissions materials, community relations, marketing, PR. Find a place you think youd like to work possibly even your alma mater and see where you can help out. Work at a hospital. People receiving care in a hospital are often going through a difficult time. Helping to make sure that the hospitals communication plans, materials, and strategies are as clear and effective as possible is noble and rewarding work.Try going freelance. If you have a bit of experience and a good network to rely on, try going freelance. You can do a variety of interesting projects while being your own boss.Work at a start-up. Start-ups can be a fun place to work because everything is starting from scratch. Consequently, working there will provide you with a great opportunity to learn and grow with a new company.Work as a journalist at a paper or magazine. True, a traditional print press is going through a rough period. But there can still be some interesting jobs out there where you can put your communications skills and training to use.Work on the radio. Working for a radio station either a music-based local station or something different, like National Public Rad io can be a unique job that youll end up addicted to for life. Work for a sports team. Love sports? Consider working for a local sports team or stadium. Youll get to learn the ins-and-outs of a cool organization while helping with their communications needs.Work for a crisis PR company. Nobody needs good PR help like a company (or person) in crisis. While working for this kind of company can be a bit stressful, it can also be an exciting job where you learn something new every day.

Read d the instruction Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Read d the instruction - Essay Example This article describes the role of the nurse as health care policy advocate and identifies legislations and regulations of the state, local and political governments. Indiana’s local government sponsors people by providing direct services and offering health insurance. The local government pays for uncompensated care through insurance premiums for government employees. The local government assists people through health insurance policies that work to favor patients. These legislations protect the health system of Indiana (Indiana Health Care Association). The federal government plays a crucial role in promoting innovation across a wide spectrum of healthcare activities in Indiana. Federal funding for healthcare information technology infrastructure, basic science and transitional research help fuel innovation. Transparent regulations can support rapid development, approval and adoption of strong delivery systems, high quality care and medical product advances. Federal health care policy can incentivize sustained private investment in the healthcare sector. Success of these efforts is critical to driving innovation to reduce health care costs and expand access to quality healthcare which favors the patient (Indiana Health Care Association). There are certain legislations and regulations in the state of Indiana that affect patient health care. Examples of these legislations include plans for paying for emergency room services, laws that guarantee continuity of care when a patient is discharged among others. These regulations control the functioning of the state government hospitals. They result into positive impact to patient recovery in the hospital (Indiana Health Care Association). 1)Â  Good documentation: everyone who has practiced nursing knows that if a procedure is done and not documented then it was not done at all.

Murder and Memories Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Murder and Memories - Essay Example The death of Ada and his son have been a controversial issue. It is now up to the students, and researchers to come up with a valid conclusion regarding the incident. This incident remains shrouded in mystery. Other authors say it was the pistol that went off accidentally1. Today, theories on what happened behind the thick walls of the mansions are still being developed. This paper examines the key happenings regarding this incident, with a major focus on sections such as Home, Tragedy, Blood Ties, Settings, Dramatis Personae, and Archives, to give a comprehensive conclusion about the Murder. Firstly let’s take a look at the history that presented itself during this time. In the year 1901, the Redpaths were members of the elites who spoke in English. They lived in a Montreal Square mile that was immensely wealthy. This Square was an intimate and also closed community of its own distinctive making. The Redpaths families used common social, educational, health, and religious ins titutions. Their children also fell victim of intermarriages. These families also shopped for products and also obtained, classic professional services, varying from health, legal and dental services to accounting services. It was mandatory for these professionals to have come from similar class and ethnic backgrounds. In the early 1880’s, many jobs were created through funding of the Canadian Railway. In sectors such as education and health, a lot of efforts were put by the likes of Dr. Emily Stowe of Toronto. Stowe was the first licensed woman doctor in the whole of Canada, and this offered more opportunities for Women. Canadians also passed legislation for protecting working women. They put minimum working age to ten years for boys and fourteen years for girls to protect the youth. The legislation also put working hours to a maximum of ten. In the year 1885, Canadians extended the franchise to married women to own lowly valued property. This franchise never applied to nati ve and unmarried people. In 1887, Mc Donald became the Prime Minister. This was his fourth term. During the early 1890s, Canada’s industrial revolution came in full force. The Industry of Canada started booming especially around the corridor of Trans-continental rail. Ontario’s industries that dealt in the iron, steel, tools, and farm implements were some of the leading companies. At this moment in time, forty percent of Ontarians lived in the cities. Ontario’s economy further booms due to the establishment of a new power house known as Niagara power house. Housing crisis emerged due to the urbanization that caused many people to flock the city of Toronto2. Increased employment caused increased child labor and also increased the level of school drop-outs. During the late first decade of 1900s, most industries relied upon electric power or self-generated steam power. In 1906, workers of the Hamilton street railway erupted to Violence caused by their strike3. In 1 909, Laurier won the Federal election for the fourth term. The Redpath Mystery is best captured in a website named â€Å"the Great unsolved Mysteries in the Canadian History†. Ada Maria and his son Jocelyn Clifford Redpath died on the 13th of June, the year 1901. It is also remarkably clear that their death resulted from gunshot wounds. The

Gap Marketing Strategy Essay Example for Free

Gap Marketing Strategy Essay The Gap is a clothing company that specializes in contemporary, urban clothing with a mid-range pricing scheme. They have stores located all over the globe in countries such as the United States, Canada, France, Germany, Japan and the United Kingdom. Gap was founded in 1969 by a real estate developer who was in search of a well-organized and well-stocked jeans store. The store was named after the generation gap and originally sold Levis jeans. In 1974, they developed their own private clothing label and by 1991 began selling only their private label brand. Gap introduced its website in 1997. The following year, in 1998, Gaps stock increased 138.4%. In 2000, though, their stock fell 44 %. (http://www.thestreet.com/_yahoo/funds/gutcheck/1335261.html) Clothing is a basic and necessary need, but the companies in Gaps market segment produce items that satisfy more than this basic need. Their customers are looking for style and quality at a reasonable price. In this specific market segment, major brand forces dominate the retail clothing industry: brand recognition is incredibly important. Some major players in this industry who are specific competitors of the Gap are J Crew, Abercrombie Fitch, American Eagle Outfitters, Structure, and The Limited. These companies target the same markets as the Gap and produce similar styles. The strengths and weaknesses of each player in this industry are largely indistinguishable. J Crew stands out with a strong catalog channel. However, their bricks and mortar presence is weak, which is a problem when bricks and mortar retail reels in nine out of ten dollars spent by the average consumer as noted at www.retailindustry.com. But within their young urban microcosm, the Gap stands out with an innovative and changing product line: Abercrombie Fitch, American Eagle, Structure, and the Limited have very specific styles that remain con stant year after year. The competitive forces, as explained in Porters framework, apply to the retail industry in all the five areas of rivalry, supplier power, substitutes, buyer power, and entry barriers. In regards to rivalry, there exist no exit barriers, causing more compeitition. Product differences are few which leads to low switching costs for consumers who can easily shop around. With these low switching costs, substitutes play powerful roles. If consumers can find similar products elsewhere from other competitors, price  becomes a strong determinant in the final purchase. Supplier power is high. For example, suppliers can exert strong influences on the producing industry by selling raw materials for clothing manufacturing at a high price. While suppliers yield substantial power, the buyers role is weak because of fragmentation. Finally, barriers to entry include: economies of scale, high capital requirements for stores, raw materials, and production requirements, and strong brand equity due to consumer brand consciousness and loyalty. Value is created and delivered in the fashion industry through an intricate structure of channel distribution. A visual description of a typical fashion companys value web is attached as Exhibit 1. Although the value web as an entity is influential to customers, several facets tend to have the most impact. Designers are obviously one of the core aspects that affect a customer, as people want clothing that appeals to their particular tastes. This leads to the display and availability of clothing in the actual fashion stores such as Gap. Displays need to incorporate attraction to the products as well as show off the trends of the moment. Also, manufacturers greatly influence the final quality and price of a product, which are often a core concerns for consumers. In todays economy, efficient and quality manufacturing are essential to the success of a fashion retailer. Another key node on the value web is the logistics supplier. In the Internet e-tailer environment, having a strong relationship with efficient and trustworthy suppliers is extremely important for success. Fashion retailers should strengthen these key players in the value web in addition to using their core value concepts in order to utilize the Internet to its full potential. For Gap, there are two value concepts that are especially vulnerable in an Internet economy. First, the fashion industry has low switching costs and decreased loyalty online. Whereas many Gap customers were loyal simply because they had few other choices, now those same customers have more opportunities to shop around. Gap stores are located all around the country in almost any mall. A typical consumer may only have access to the stores that are located nearby. Now the Internet has made every e-tailor available to anyone, anywhere, from low-end to high-end. Second, the Internet has changed service, credence and experience. One of the advantages of going to a Gap store is the level of service that you receive and the experience that you get. This level of service can never be replicated online. In addition, another problem with online fashion retailers is that the customer cannot try on the articles of clothing. While this may be a problem with new customers, it is not an issue with previously established customers. Otherwise, the Gaps value concepts can only be enhanced online. Clothes can easily be delivered directly to the consumer from Internet sales. Also, transaction costs can be reduced: for every sale online, Gap does not have to maintain bricks-and-mortar stores, hire personnel, or bear shipping costs. While these costs may be minimal right now, as online sales grow, this may have a serious impact on Gaps bottom line. An additional benefit of Gaps online store is ease of searching for particular products. The apparel industry is constantly changing. Therefore, marketing strategies and diverse customer segments are also transforming. Key industry trends for the year 2001 include: moves to multi-channel retailing, importance of profitability on the Internet, and a continued interest in using technology to improve bottom line, as explained at www.retailindustry.about.com. Customers have particular needs and wants that are shaping the demand for higher quality at lower prices. And with the new Internet environment, consumers want easy access to price comparisons and demand the latest trends. Since the online world is fast-paced, consumers believe that trends should turn over quickly. Now that more people are shopping online, they demand and expect convenience as well as quick and timely delivery of apparel goods. Consumers are looking to the Internet for information on apparel more than they previously did. They search for price comparisons and shop around the web to look for sales. Many consumers search for clothes online and then go to try on the clothing offline. In some other cases, if consumers cannot find the desired article of clothing, they venture onto the Web. Finally, in the new Internet apparel environment, awareness of brands is enhanced for established companies. On the contrary, newer apparel  companies may struggle gaining awareness in a medium that constantly floods consumers with new products. The absence of brand equity creates difficulties for new companies in this industry. Few brands carry the clout Gap does to the online world. As evidenced at www.business.com, Gap, with only two other retailers, was considering one of the top 20 online Internet merchants. Intermediaries (i.e. manufacturers and retailers) in the apparel industry are transforming to become more customer conscious. By incorporating technology, companies are able to make the brand more accessible to the customer while creating a stronger image of the brand. This technology enables domestic and foreign manufacturers and inspectors to communicate more effectively, efficiently, and frequently. Previously, the telephone and fax machine were the primary means of communication among intermediaries, but now information can be exchanged in a cost-efficient and instantaneous manner through the Internet. As noted in the March 30, 2001 Credit Suisse First Boston Corporation review, the overall apparel industry trend appears that many teen and young adult retailers are heading towards the Gaps core territory . . . the casual preppy theme. For example many retailers have offered up colorful polo shirts since February, which stands to hurt Gap sales because they have only just begun offering the same polos. What has recently been happening is that Gap has come into fashion trends late and finds itself at the tail end of a hit. For years Gap has been the store to go to keep up to date on trends, but recent events point to its slipping from being the number one trend leader. Competitors such as Abercrombie and Fitch and American Eagle Outfitters have been able to tap into the fashion trends early and reaped a large share of the sales. A March 19, 2001 Credit Suisse First Boston Corporation analysis explains this phenomenon further: market intelligence is better than ever . . . Retailers attend fashion shows . . . interpreting what they see for their customers. Therefore, the newest strategy in the competition game is for a company to find the hottest trend the earliest and quickest, and market the trend heavily before any other store or brand can do the same. New and existing companies in the apparel industry are forced to adapt their marketing mix in response to the new Internet environment. Products must be developed faster in order to cater to the fast-paced demands of todays Internet consumer. Many big players in the fashion industry are recognizing the need to turn over the trends faster in todays technology-driven economy. This is because consumers demand new fashion trends faster than they did in the offline world. Also, the Internet allows consumers to price shop more than they would in the offline world. Therefore, fashion companies must realize that price competition is more prevalent online. Furthermore, channels must be structured online differently than they would be in the offline environment. In the new technological world, shipping and manufacturing have become bigger players in the value web than previously. Retailers must develop strong relationships with key shipping suppliers and increase efficiency in manufacturing facilities. Finally, fashion e-tailers must utilize the new Internet environment to improve customer service and transactions. It is the perfect medium to have efficient yet personalized customer service in addition to lower transactions costs. The new Internet setting causes companies in the fashion industry to rethink partnering and strategic alliances. In todays e-economy, companies can gain traffic and recognition through a few key alliances. Many companies, especially new players, can leverage partnerships to gain brand recognition and necessary traffic to their new site. Utilizing the key relationships with channel members and partnerships will help established fashion companies adapt to the new Internet economy. But, a benefit to the companies is the fact that basic core competencies still remain competitive advantages even in the new environment. Gaps core competencies center around their brand equity and highly developed processes. Its name alone can successfully launch new, trendy products. However, Gap also carries a standard, classic line of clothes that customers have come to expect during any season and within any Gap store. This is how Gap segments its customers: those who want a consistent look year-to-year, and those customers who want the latest trends. Gaps brand recognition  value is high with over 2,079 stores nationwide, and additional 530 stores globally. It is a standard brand name for the midrange fashion conscious consumer. Because Gap is a well-established bricks and mortars company, their processes are efficient and dynamic. For example, Gap stores are on detailed schedules for store displays, inventories, and new product launches. Every store receives an identical binder that explicitly details the display and product placements. Front window displays are changed weekly. They restock shelves with new products every six weeks, keeping the retail ahead of imitators in the fast-paced fashion industry. All the core competencies are positive for the company, but there are threats that can hurt the company. For instance, negative word of mouth can cause severe consequences to Gaps brand name. Since Gap outsources most of their manufacturing, theyre open up to attack because of their manufacturers actions. For example, a situation occurred to Nike concerning their use of sweatshops that caused a great deal of damage to the Nike name. Gap has taken steps to counteract the causes of bad publicity by requiring manufacturers to sign codes of conduct and strictly enforcing those rules. Their processes for inventory, however, are not as vulnerable to depreciation. Gap has invested a lot of thought and research in their resources and there is not too much that can be substantially threatened. Gaps inventory processes, in fact, are much stronger compared to others in the industry. Not only do they maintain a consistent style year to year, they also have new lines that come out very often. Those who wish to enter the retail clothing industry will find moderately high barriers to entry. It is extremely difficult to set up brand equity and image. Launching your own store and clothing line, like Gap, takes incredible capital and time investment. In the online world, it is much easier for new or small retailers to showcase their products; however, it is difficult to get online attention and recognition. The nature of online retailing sets up a playing field where smaller, lesser known retailers may  have set up functioning websites and folded without the public ever knowing. Even big name online retailers, like Pets.com, did not survive despite their brand recognition. As we have mentioned earlier, Gaps inventory processes are very defined and strong. These processes also give them an edge on competitors trying to copy Gaps styles or trends. Gap changes out their inventory every six weeks. Even if competitors are able to catch on to Gaps short turnaround, there is no way to avoid being behind the times. Gap, through their extensive market research and market persuasiveness, is so in tuned to their customer segments that they effectively set the trend. Gap has invested a lot of money to become one of the biggest trend-setting brands. Although the Gap has a successful position on the Web, there are definite strategies that can be implemented to improve their online business. Our proposed marketing eBusiness plan involves Customer Relationship Management, growth strategies, incentive offers online, improved web design, and increased market research. At this point in time, Gap is a product-focused company. Gap needs to capitalize on the available technology of the Internet and transform its marketing efforts to focus on the consumer. Therefore, the company should shift from a Product Management system to a Customer Relationship Management system. Customer Relationship Management allows a company to cater to the unique and evolving needs of the specific customer segments. Currently, the Gap does not have extensive customization available on its website. Gap needs to create more ways of catering to each individual consumer. A pyramid approach would be optimal for the Gap. Much like the Dell triangle, the Gap would segment consumers and provide the most customization for the top small percent of the pyramid. These are the repeat customers that have highest volume of purchases, which would be the best group to provide customization. We suggest that the Gap use the technology of the Internet to store information on each consumer and generate a unique site for the consumer every time that they log on. The site will greet the consumer by name upon log in and target the consumer for their preferences. For example, the Gap would keep a database of my buying patterns, such as the fact that I always look for sale items, and also note the size that I  normally buy. The Gap would be able to establish more relationships with consumers increase their loyal consumer base by providing customization that makes the site unique to the individuals. As retailers know, growth does not come from loyal customers. The Gap needs to focus some of their marketing efforts on acquiring new customers. They could do so by developing alliances with portal-type sites such as eGreetings.com. There, consumers can be asked to buy a gift certificate to Gap.com (not redeemable in offline stores) to be sent along with the greeting card. Online alliances are preferable to online banner ads and random advertising because a relationship with established online services and etailers is the best way to get a Gap ad seen. The click-through rates for banner ads are not convincing enough for us to suggest that the Gap increase online banner advertising. In addition to advertising online with trading partners, the Gap should advertise offline for the online store. Every media produced offline, including displays in the offline store, should have the web site listed, thus pointing consumers to the online store. The Gap may also consider putting a terminal in the offline stores that has a small computer with Gap.com constantly running. Sales associates can point consumers in the offline store to the terminal if they need a different size, or if they want to ship an item to a friend. Offering incentives online can also increase the customer base, persuading loyal and new consumers to utilize the Internet site. For example, every fifth purchase online could merit a certain percentage off the final purchase price or even free shipping. Also, the Gap should consider offering some products and product lines online only (for example, Gap currently offers their maternity line only online). This can entice consumers into shopping online in addition to their offline stores. Overall, anything that causes consumers to venture into the online world to check out the new items on Gap.com would be good for the growth of the online customer base. Another marketing tactic is to alter the design of the website to meet the needs of the constantly evolving Gap consumer. Currently, Gap.com allows consumers to see the various styles of clothing with color choices shown to  the side, but consumers cannot change the color of the item in the picture (for example, consumers could click on different colors and patterns for the same shirt and the shirt changes accordingly). See exhibit 2. Most buyers want to see what a certain article of clothing would look like in different colors, which is an option that Gap.coms competitor, JCrew.com, offers. Gap.com could also allow consumers to put clothes together on a model and view 360 degrees of the outfit, thus persuading people to make virtual outfits. Other design changes to Gap.com could be an addition of a search engine. This gives consumers a quick way to find specific articles of clothing. Another added design feature for the quick shopper could be a page with price listings by clothing category, or the ability to see the price on the first page instead of making consumers go through multiple pages to find the price. A final marketing strategy in our proposed plan is for Gap.com to increase market research to understand consumer-buying habits. Are they price conscious? What do they value in design of the website? The Gap would benefit immensely if they were able to understand their consumers behavior in depth. Therefore, information could enhance the quality of customization, which will benefit the company. If the Gap makes longer strides to understand their customer base, they can capitalize on areas where they are strong and change areas of weakness. Our proposed marketing plan encompasses many benefits with a few costs. The plan satisfies consumers because increased customization will mean more attention to specific customer needs. The proposed Customer Relationship Management tactic will create more of a one-to-one marketing structure that will in turn benefit the consumer. One cost to this change in management style is the capital needed to set up customization online and also the changes that must be made in the structure of management within the company. Employees will have to get used to a restructuring, which can cause a short period of dissatisfaction or frustration. But, the company as a whole will benefit from the restructuring because it will increase retention rates. The online incentives and improved web page design will benefit the consumers directly by giving them good deals and creating an easy-to-use web site. The  online incentives will benefit the company by increasing the loyal customer base and the improved web design may increase sales and retention. The trading partners with Gap will benefit by increasing traffic to their sites, and association with the Gap brand is positive for alliances. One of the most apparent and serious threats to Gap.com is the threat of cannibalization. If Gap.com becomes the standard, then their offline stores will be severely hurt. This is why Gap is facing a great deal of resistance within the organization. Store managers whose salaries and promotions depend on store sales will not want to promote or support Gap.com because that will steal from their revenues. Another issue is the technological needs to satisfy the in-depth customization and database requirements that are essential to our e-business plan. In order to take on this new strategy, Gap will have to make a large initial investment to improve their technological capabilities to accommodate the customization. Internet speed must also be taken into consideration. Only eight million out of 100 million Internet households have broadband. This can lead to customer frustrations, as the sites become more picture intensive. This, however, is actually a benefit for Gap.com as their primary customer base is concentrated in these households that do have broadband service

Proof :: Math Education Papers

Proof Proof. What is it and why does this simple term cause such a stir among mathematics educators and mathematics students? If you were to ask a young child to prove a mathematical fact, they would be happy to show you many examples of how it works. This does not constitute a proof but it is a step in the right direction. If you were to ask a high school student or first year college student to do a proof, you will most likely be met with groans and feelings of disgust. Students at this age have probably encountered proof in a geometry class where they were expected to follow a strict format without much freedom to express proofs on their own. However, if you were to ask a mathematician about proof they would begin to tell you about how beautiful proof in mathematics can be. Proof has always been a topic of interest for me. In high school geometry and my first year of college, I too did not understand proof. I felt like many other students, frustrated by the fact that we were asked to prove theorems that the book had already told us were true. It was as though the instructor was playing magical games on the chalkboard and all of the sudden we had a proof. However, as time progressed, I began to see the beauty of proof. Then, mathematical induction introduced me to the power of proof. In this paper I hope to address the concept of proof, how it relates to understanding and the implications for mathematics education. BACKGROUND In the 1950’s and 60’s proof played a significant role in mathematics education. Then in 1989, the National Council of Teachers of Mathematics (NCTM) deemphasized proof and replaced it with reasoning. Following this, mathematics educators began to see that students had difficulty with proof because they had little contact with it. In response, NCTM in the 2000 standards, elevated proof to a standard, emphasizing that it should be part of all students mathematical experiences (Knuth). Schoenfeld states proof is inseparable from mathematics. It is essential in communicating, doing, and recording mathematics (153). Throughout most of the history of mathematics education, proof has been more of a topic of study instead of a way to understand mathematics (Knuth 73). In addition, proof has only been limited to the college bound student or the student enrolled in geometry.

The Purpose of Australias Modern Criminal Justice System

Why do we need a criminal justice system in Australia? To answer this question, We firstly need to look a couple of things to allow you a thorough understanding of what exactly the criminal justice system is, questions like, what is role that this system has to play in today’s modern & somewhat debauched society, also what are the key concepts and components of each part of the criminal justice system. It is my attention through the aid of this essay to not only explain the differing parts of the criminal justice system, but also answer the topic in question; by the time we are through you will have a thorough understanding of the Australian criminal justice system and why it is needed. What exactly is the technical meaning of â€Å"the criminal justice system†? An excellent answer to this question maybe found by looking at the Australian Bureau of Statistics (www. bs. gov. au/ausstats 1997 paragraph 2), to quote this definition directly, the Australian Bureau of Statistics defines this as â€Å"The criminal justice system is a system of laws and rulings which protect community members and their property2. It determines which events causing injury or offence to community members, are criminal. Criminal offenders may be punished through the law by fines, imprisonment and/or community service†. Ok we now have a clear definition of what the criminal justice system is we can break down this definition into key elements, and then look at the working of each element in relation to the criminal justice system as a whole. Is there only one criminal justice system in Australia or are there more? Well let’s look at the next paragraph. How many criminal justice systems are there in Australia one only or several? According to the book criminal justice, issues in society (Healey 2006 p. 18) there are nine criminal justice systems currently in operation in Australia at present. This nine comprises of one commonwealth or federal criminal justice system, which is controlled and policed by the Australian federal police. However it can be said that the federal system is not complete due to the fact the federal system corrective service department, therefore punishment for federal crimes that involves incarceration or some form of rehabilitation are facilitated by the relevant corrective service department of the appropriate state or territory. The other eight criminal justice systems are enacted by each state or territory. Each state system is very similar in the way crime and punishments are dealt with, within each state system the makeup includes the same key components. Each state criminal justice system comprises of three key elements the relevant state police force, the court system (which comprise of, local, district and supreme courts) and corrections including jails, juvenile detention centres mental health facilities as well as other rehabilitation programs. Firstly let’s look at the frontline of any criminal justice system, which is the relevant federal state or territory police force. What role do police in the criminal justice system? According to (White and Perrone 2010 p. 287-293) police are not only one of the most powerful means of social control in society but are also the most visible, police have quite a large amount of power in which they are able to use their own judgement or discretion. It is through police that offenders are first entered into the criminal justice system, or if offence is minor diverted away from criminal justice system, to quote (White & Perrone 2010 p. 87) directly â€Å"police are often described as the gate keepers of the criminal justice system†. It can be argued that by creation of laws and implementation of these laws that a person is being stripped of a small portion of one’s civil rights and social freedoms; however it is of general acceptance that the vast majority of society accepts this so called loss of rights and freedoms, to allow general level of peace and order, a system without laws and some form of soci al restrictions and civil freedoms would certainly lead to social anarchy. Not only is it the role of police to arrest and apprehend criminals but it also their role perform other essential community duties such as law & order, conflict resolution and maintenance of such resolution, police may often do this without the arrest of individuals (White & Perrone 2010 p. 287-293). Strategic planning for the prevention of crime is also just important as the apprehension of individuals by stopping the crime before it occurs. Other duties performed by today’s police force include emergency response and services e. . car accident response, traffic control and community service and many other tasks. Community service involve such mundane acts as rescuing a cat from a tree to appearing at schools educating the young. Over all it can be seen the need for policing as a vital link in the criminal justice system. In the next paragraph we will take a brief look at the various court systems. There are four main court systems in Australia three of which are state and t he other federal. The courts are (www. lawlink. nsw. gov. u 2011) the local court, which deals with such matters as Family law involves issues such as domestic violence orders, power of attorney and also enduring guardianship etc. Also the local court deals with Monetary issues such as small claims arising from motor vehicle accidents etc. monies owed that are payable such overdue fines etc. Local courts also deal with minor criminal offences including such things as drink driving, minor assaults, break and enter and breaches of AVOs etc. and also minor traffic incidents The district court for want of a better term is the â€Å"middle† court. The district court is a trial court dealing with both criminal and civil matters and also can preside over certain tribunals. The district court is headed by a chief judge. The Supreme Court is the highest of the state courts. The Supreme Court has unlimited civil jurisdiction and handles the most serious of criminal offences. The last court which is the highest court in Australia is the federal court or High Court of Australia which deals with all matters that are to do with the Commonwealth of Australia. We now have a brief understanding of the four main court systems of Australia so now let’s take a look at the last element of the criminal justice system that is that of corrective services. According to (www. correctiveservices. nsw. gov. au accessed 30/5/2010) the role of Corrective Services is to provide not only custodial sentencing but also non-custodial supervised punishments such as community service, in home detention and parole. Corrective services also provide pre-release reports on offenders to determine the risk of Recidivism or for the want of a better word re-offend. Now we have had a look at the key facets of the criminal justice system and how each interlocks with the next i. e. the police (first line of contact for the criminal justice system, arrest or caution offenders, if police arrest the offender then moves on to the relevant court system depend on relevant type and severity of crime, which in turn makes a judgement, on whether the person in question is a risk to society. If the courts come to the decision that the offender is of danger to the public they are incarcerated, or if offence is not so serious the judgement can be made to se other parts of corrections to allow for rehabilitation etc. of person in question. I hope I have helped you the reader to clearly see and understand why it is vital that any socialised society requires a criminal justice system to not only keep order in society but to also provide protection and justice for each and every individuals personal and social rights and well being. References Australian Bureau of Statistics 4102. 0 – Australian Social Trends, 19/06/1997 (accessed30/6/2010) www. bs. gov. au/ausstats/[email  protected] nsf/2f762f95845417aeca25706c00834efa/a4d719473be50fdfca2570ec001b2c95! OpenDocument Healy, J. (2006). Criminal Justice, issues in society volume 32. NSW Australia: spinney press White, R. , & Perrone, S (2010) Crime, Criminality & Criminal Justice Melbourne Australia: Oxford University Press New South Wales Government Corrective Services NSW Statement of Purpose (Accessed 28/6/2010) www. correctiveservices. nsw. gov. au/about-us/statement-of-purpose

Microcredit In Bangladesh

Microcredit programs have provided a hugely positive impact on third world and developing nations where employment opportunities are limited due to the collapsed and limited economies of these countries. What microcredit programs entail is the issuance of small loans to individuals who would not normally qualify for a loan because their lack of employment and collateral assets make them poor candidates in the eyes of financial institutions. Microcredit loans look past the risk involved regarding the issuance of the loan and provide initial venture capital to impoverished people start a small business. Of all the countries where microloans have proven successful, it would be the country of Bangladesh. Throughout its history, Bangladesh has suffered tremendously from a variety of maladies that have lead to its current economic depression. Under British colonial rule, the population suffered massive famines; and in the 1970’s a series of natural disasters lead to even further economic despair. Today, Bangladesh currently suffers from a severe overpopulation situation that has further pushed economic disaster. Because of its severe depression, Bangladesh was essentially the trial location to test of the feasibility of microcredit loans. Organizations such as Grameen Bank have special programs to provide charitable loans to Bangladesh and the bank has documented the proof that these loans are successful. According to Grameen Bank: Lasting peace can not be achieved unless large population groups find  ways in which to break out of poverty. Micro-credit is one such means. Development from below also serves to advance democracy and human rights†¦.. Every single individual on earth has both the potential and the right to live a decent life. Across cultures and civilizations, Yunus  and Grameen Bank have shown that even the poorest of the poor can  work to bring about their own development. Microcredit programs have proven successful as a means of providing underprivileged people with an opportunity to rise out of a disadvantaged position. In fact, these programs have been so successful that many banks have started to reconsider the people of Bangladesh as â€Å"high risk† candidates for loans. That is, because the microloans have proved successful, there is a belief on many bank’s part that money lent to the people will return (with interest) when the borrower launches a successful business. The Microcredit Summit Campaign details a popular success story: With a gift of 10,000 CFA ($US 16) in 1994 from her father, [Yama Laye] set up a small table to sell essentials such as tea, sugar, salt, matches and sweets by the roadside. The profit she made never exceeded 500 CFA ( $.80) per day. Almost all her profits were spent on the purchase of essential food for her husband and her six-year-old child. Yes, all it took was a mere $16 to set in motion the ability for a family to be able to purchase the essential items needed for survival, a purchases that would not have been possible in the absence of the $16 grant. If anything, the microcredit loans have shown that there is always hope and there is always an answer, provided people work in concert together to find sane, sensible, effective means of solving a problem. In a way, Microcredit programs are a unique mix of financial philanthropy and human rights and it is a unique mix that has repeatedly been proven as successful. Works Cited Microcredit Summit Campaign. (2005) Results Educational Fund. 22 October 2006. URL http://www.microcreditsummit.org/newsletter/ borrower-Yama.html What is Microcredit? (January 2003) Muhammad Yunus. 22 October 2003. URL http://www.grameen-info.org/mcredit/index.html   

Congestive Heart Failure Essays - Circulatory System, Cardiology

Congestive Heart Failure Essays - Circulatory System, Cardiology Congestive Heart Failure Symptomatic myocardial dysfunction responsible for the inability of the heart to pump blood at a rate which is les than the requirement of metabolizing tissue or need a higher end diastolic volume to meet the demand o Systolic heart failure is due to impaired myocardial contractility resulting in reduction of stroke volume, inadequate ventricular emptying, dilatation of heart and elevated ventricular end-diastolic pressure Idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy is the prototype of systolic heart failure o Diastolic heart failure is characterized by impaired relaxation and filling of ventricle resulting in increased ventricular diastolic pressure at any given diastolic volume- restrictive cardiomyopathies o Concentric hypertrophy of left ventricle in hypertension does cause impaired diastolic relaxation but does not cause failure Normal Ventricular function [pic] o Conditions simulating heart failure > Circulatory insufficiency without myocardial failure ( cardiac temponade or haemorrhagic shock > Circulatory congestion secondary to salt and water retention( renal disease > Sudden increase in myocardial load e.g. accelerated hypertension or rupture of valve cusps Prevalence: o In West, increases with age- 1% at 60 years to 10% after 80 years o In India, rheumatic heart disease is common in young age group and commonly presents with heart failure Etiology and pathogenesis of Heart Failure: [pic] Important causes of heart failure are o Valvular heart disease- common in India o Hypertensive heart disease o Coronary heart disease- responsible for 40-60% heart failure in US o Congenital heart disease o Myocarditis o Cardiomyopathies Pathophysiology of heart failure: o Backward Failure theory: Myocardial Dysfunction ( High End Diastolic Volume of Ventricles ( ( Pressure and volume of atrium and venous system ( ( transudation of fluid from capillaries ( Low circulatory volume ( Activation of Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System ( Salt and Water Retention o Forward Failure Theory Myocardial Dysfunction ( Low Cardiac Output ( Low Renal Perfusion ( Activation of Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System ( Salt and Water Retention o Adaptive mechanisms in heart failure > Frank-Starling mechanism- operated due to increase preload ( increased end-diastolic volume of ventricle ( longer length of myocardial fibers( increased force of contraction > Increased after load ( concentric hypertrophy( restoration of elevated stress on ventricular walls to normal > Redistribution of subnormal cardiac output- less blood flow to skin, muscles and kidney to maintain normal flow to heart and brain > Neuro-hormonal adjustments- increased catecholamines ( increased HR ( maintenance of cardiac output despite low stroke volume > There may be right shift of oxygen dissociation curve to release more oxygen for tissue at lower pO2 levels o Adaptive neuro-hormonal/ cytokine changes in heart failure: > Adrenergic Nervous System- . Increased levels of nor-adrenaline-important in acute heart failure . In chronic heart failure, it may increase after load by increasing peripheral resistance, induce cardiac arrhythmias and may damage myocytes further by causing Ca++ overload . Prognosis of heart failure correlates inversely with levels of nor- adrenaline > Renin -Angiotensin -Aldosterone (RAA) System . Gets activated when there is a fall in cardiac output . Increased angiotensin II causes vasoconstriction and Aldosterone increases retention of Na+ and water and perhaps cases cardiac fibrosis also > Endothelin . A potent vasoconstrictor . Concentration increased in heart failure . Experimental studies indicate benefit of blocking receptors in heart failure > Increased levels of TNF-(- in experiments has been shown to impair systolic function > Vasodilator peptides (Atrial Natriuretic Peptide and Brain Natriuretic Peptide . These hormones released due to stimulation of stretch receptors in atria (ANP & BNP) or ventricles (BNP) and stimulate sodium excretion and urine formation by kidneys . Higher levels correlate with poor prognosis Hypertrophy of ventricles o Pressure overload ( elevated systolic pressure ( parallel addition of myofibrils( concentric hypertrophy o Volume overload ( elevated diastolic pressure( addition of myofibrils in series( eccentric hypertrophy Precipitating Factors for Heart Failure o Infections > Pulmonary infections more likely to occur in the presence of pulmonary vascular congestion > Infections ( fever, tachycardia, ( metabolism and hypoxia ( cardiac overload o Anaemia > Increased oxygen demand of tissue met by increase in cardiac output ( increased cardiac workload o Thyrotoxicosis and pregnancy > Increased cardiac output states ( increased cardiac load o Arrhythmias > In compensated heart disease, arrhythmias are the most important cause of failure > The deleterious effects can be due to following

Sublimation Process

Sublimation Process Sublimation is the term for when matter undergoes a phase transition directly from a solid to gaseous form, or vapor, without passing through the more common liquid phase between the two. It is a specific case of vaporization. Sublimation refers to physical changes of transition, and not to cases where solids convert into gas due to a chemical reaction. Because the physical change from a solid into a gas requires the addition of energy into the substance, it is an example of an endothermic change. How Sublimation Works Phase transitions are dependent upon the temperature and pressure of the material in question. Under normal conditions, as generally described by kinetic theory, adding heat causes the atoms within a solid to gain energy and become less tightly bound to each other. Depending on the physical structure, this usually causes the solid to melt into liquid form. If you look at the phase diagrams, which is a graph that depicts the states of matter for various pressures and volumes. The triple point on this diagram represents the minimum pressure for which the substance can take on the liquid phase. Below that pressure, when the temperature drops below the level of the solid phase, it transitions directly into the gas phase. The consequence of this is that if the triple point is at high pressure, as in the case of solid carbon dioxide (or dry ice), then sublimation is actually easier than melting the substance since the high pressures needed to turn them into liquids are typically a challenge to create. Uses for Sublimation One way to think about this is that if you want to have sublimation, you need to get the substance beneath the triple point by lowering the pressure. A method that chemists often employ is placing the substance in a vacuum and applying heat, in a device called a sublimation apparatus. The vacuum means that the pressure is very low, so even a substance that usually melts into liquid form will sublimate directly into vapor with the addition of the heat. This is a method used by chemists to purify compounds and was developed in the pre-chemistry days of alchemy as a means of creating purified vapors of elements. These purified gases can then go through a process of condensation, with the end result being a purified solid, since either the temperature of sublimation or the temperature of condensation would be different for the impurities than for the desired solid. One note of consideration on what I described above: condensation would actually take the gas into a liquid, which would then freeze back into a solid. It would also be possible to reduce the temperature while retaining the low pressure, keeping the whole system beneath the triple point, and this would cause a transition directly from gas into solid. This process is called deposition.

EMPLOYEE RELATIONS Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

EMPLOYEE RELATIONS - Essay Example The nature of imperfect labour markets today as well as the cutthroat competition limited jobs by desperate employees can and has in some cases, resulted in substandard industrial relations (Salamon, 2000). This in many instances leads to and escalates conflict in employee relations. However, while conceding that conflict may indeed be inevitable, it can be managed and controlled through a proactive and vibrant bargaining process that can be used to ensure a smooth transition in whatever transaction the Organization takes part in and the interests of its staff. This paper will discuss the notion of inevitability of employee conflict by examining various theories and literature demonstrating some of its causative factors and methods that have been developed in employee relations for managing it. To create a better understanding of the nature conflict in employment relations, it is important that the concept is first understood, and its constituent notions explained. Employer relations are by no means neither straightforward nor easy concept that can be tied down to a generic definition. Its meaning tends to vary widely depending on whom one is asking (Lewis, Thornhill & Saunders, 2003). In American HRM literature for instance, it is understood as the corpus of HR, in a functional sense it encapsulates the relations between employees and employers in the world place. On the other hand, a the British interpretation of the same covers a wider scope which cuts across specific workplace issues and covers even the interactions between the state, employer relations and labour unions. In these terms, employment relations involves both the micro and macro level relations which are notably absent in the American context (Gennard & Judge, 2002). In American context, employer relations are unlikely to encompass industrial relations as comprehensively as it can in a UK or

Should Veil be Banned in the UK Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Should Veil be Banned in the UK - Essay Example Considering Sura 7:46, a veil acts as a separation between the resident of Heaven and the resident of Hell. In Sura 19: 16-17, a veil is remarked as the symbol of sovereignty and purity. Other explanations in the Quran also describe veil as a separation of evil with the good (Amer, 2000). On this note of an affirmative definition of veiling one shall think that why veil should be banned in the UK or any other country contradicting preaches of Islam and the belief of Islamic women. It was in the year 2006, when Mr. Jack Straw, a leader of the House of Commons in the UK stated ‘Hijab’ to increase the differences between Islamic religion and other religious groups and remarked the practice as a â€Å"visible statement of separation†. This incident was led by the suspension of an assistant teacher wearing veil in her workplace (Sultan-ul-Qalam, 2006). Since then, the practice of wearing veil in the UK by Muslim women has become debatable in relation to the judgment be hind banning the veil in the economic region. The paper presented here will intend to discuss various aspects related to this issue with due regards to local and global values regarding ‘Hijab’ or ‘Full Face Veil’ along with cultural imperialism and national sovereignty of the UK. The role of media will also be analysed to obtain rational in relation to the debated topic of banning veil in the UK. Local Values vs. Global Values Abraham (2007), in his study adroitly states â€Å"Just as complex discourses have developed around the metaphor of ‘the closet’ and ‘coming out of the closet’, the metaphor of ‘the veil’ and the concept of ‘lifting the veil’ have developed their own political debates†. With due consideration to this explanation of veil, the local values can be recognised in this context. Veil which is also called ‘Naqab’ or ‘Hijab’ originates as an Arabic word that refers to as barrier. Moving further from the lexicon explanation, veil has a broader meaning in the local values of Islam. It largely indicates towards the philosophy of modesty in both men and women (Long, 2009: 93-94). However, in the current day context, the most common metaphor of Hijab is an Islamic woman wearing on veil to cover her head, her face and her body. Furthermore, according to the Islamic values, a veil also tends to provide sexual space to the women in the society indicating that women should keep themselves covered in front of any unknown male figure with whom they were unable to theoretically be engaged, i.e. men who do not relate with their family (Long, 2009: 93-94; Abraham, 2007). Even in the current practices, veil is considered by Muslim women to provide them with space in terms of sovereignty and modesty as well as in terms of sexuality (Gabriel & Hannan, 2011). On the contrary, from a generalised point of view the global values of Islam have often presente d the religion as ‘barbaric’ restricting many natural flows of human life. In many instances, the religious beliefs are also stated to reflect the society to be male dominated. For instance, Islam states that men can have more than one wife provided he is able to render equal love and affection to each (Long, 2009: 92). Similarly, from the global perspective wearing a veil is considered to be a religious belief that creates a social difference between the Muslim women and men of the same as well as other religions. Thus, it is

Epic Party Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Epic Party - Essay Example lan for a "School for the Art of the Theatre," sponsored by his admirers Yeats and Pound, he toyed with the idea that the school would "produce ONLY Hamlet" (although in so varied and imaginative a way that the production "will be able to be visited many times without the audience being able to say we have seen it before"). The play was to be repeated, with a difference, over and over again. World War I put an end to these plans; the space was requisitioned for another purpose, and the model stages dismantled. 35 This left the Kessler Hamlet, the Cranach Press Hamlet, as the only form in which Craig would realize his ideal "production" of the play. Craigs drawings for Stanislavski had included his famous "black figures," cutout characters in dramatic poses, included in photographs as three-dimensional cardboard or wooden miniatures, designed to communicate with the actors for the Moscow Hamlet. 36 Intrigued by the black figures, which looked uncannily like woodcuts, Count Harry Kessler, who had long been his patron and promoter in Germany, proposed that Craig might illustrate something for the Cranach Press: perhaps Antony and Cleopatra, or  Miltons Comus. To which Craig is said to have replied that they might as well do Hamlet.† (Easton, L.M.) The birthday present for Milton will be the DVD of a movie titled The Devil’s Advocate (1997) and the reason for chosen present is the relevance of this movie with that of Milton’s epic ‘Paradise Lost’.

Relationship Between Trade Volume and Stock Price Variation

Relationship Between Trade Volume and Stock Price Variation Relationship between trading volume  and the stock price  variation in the London Stock Market Chapter 1 Introduction Trading volume is the signal of activity occurring in a stock that is a product of some sort of stimulus. Stock price variations represent changes in stock pricing as a result of the same factor, outside stimulus. With the foregoing being the case, it is apparent that there is a definitive link between these two facets as they represent the activity that is the purpose of listing companies, to let the market determine their value. Nguyen and Daigler (2006) add illumination to the preceding by using a Wall Street adage that states â€Å"it takes volume to make prices move†, and that â€Å"volume is relatively heavy in bull markets and light in bear markets†. Karpoff (1987, pp. 109-126) adds that is a link that exists between trading volume and price change, and that there is a link between trading volume and the fluctuation level of price change. Thus, from the foregoing, trading volume and stock price variations are linked in their activity. Therefore, it is the nature of this linkage that represents the nuance of the question. The question is, what are the dynamics of that relationship and how does it work? Does trading volume move and affect stock price variations, or is it stock price variations that help to impact upon trading volume? How does trading volume increase or decrease and what are the stock price reactions that can be gleaned from these movements as represented by what cause and effect relationships. These contexts will be explored and examined, taking into account the market mechanism in which they occur, the London Stock Exchange, and how such dynamics interact upon each other. The London Stock Exchange was founded on 3 March 1801 and represents one of the world’s largest and most active stock exchanges, and its formation provided a market for securities as well as regulations in the manner in which business in the case of public companies should be conducted through monitoring and adjudication by a committee that was â€Å"†¦ enforced by the threat of expulsion †¦Ã¢â‚¬ . (Michie, 1999, p. 35). Stock markets represent an organized and regulated system where capital allocation occurs through the trading of securities that represent the shares of listed companies (Baumol, 1965, pp. 2-10). Companies that develop new products, build a reputation in consumer or industrial markets, earn dividends and returns, and allocate their resources to build internal value that is translated into stock pricing. The foregoing represents simplistic explanation of a process that in reality is an extremely complex matter. The anticipated and â€Å"†¦ exp ected future dollar benefits to be received by stockholders are dividends†, which represent the means via which returns on stockholder investment are transferred directly back to the shareholders (Bolten, 2000, p. 9). Thus shareholders and potential investors in companies look at a company’s past, present and future projected earnings as a factor in whether to acquire, retain and or hold onto a stock. There are numerous factors at work in the market a company operates in, as represented by competitive positioning, the overall economic situation, demand for products, goods and or services in the industry sector the company operates in, new developments and a host of other variables that can and do affect company performance, earnings and the ability to pay dividends, all of which represent risk. The importance of the preceding is that these risks can either result in positive or negative developments, thus, if a stock is projected to and or is returning dividends lower than when the stock was acquired, its price will reflect this and subsequently be lower, with the opposite also being true (Bolten, 2000, p. 10). However, the preceding alone does not explain and or portray stock pricing on its own as there are other variables that will be discussed and examined in this analysis to draw correlations to the relationship between trading volume and stock price variations. Trading volume represents the number of shares that are traded during a given time period (investorwords.com, 2007) thus the preceding is relatively straightforward and easy to visualise. However, there are other underlying factors that represent deeper and more complex determinants that are part of stock trading volume. The varied facets of stock pricing, reflecting the relative success and or position of the company in terms of is sales, competitive posture, earnings performance, dividends, management, future industry prospects, product innovations, public relations activity along with the correlation of price/earnings ratios and numerable other factors that have a bearing on and in this process (Lo and Wang, 2000, pp. 267-300). The forces inherent in the stock market itself as represented by shorting activity, bid/ask spreads, institutional, professional and individual traders as well as economic forecasts and interest rates all have differing influences and effects within the pre ceding dynamics (Lo and Wang, 2000, pp. 267-300). The foregoing is a summary of the highly complex process of stock price variations that are effected and influenced by the complex variable of factors that interact upon each other. There are a number of theories on trading volume, just as there are for stock price variation. Mingelgrin et al (2001, pp. 877-919) along with Anshuman et al (2001, pp. 3-32) put forth that when stocks are experiencing trading volume that is unusually high, or low, earn either positive, or negative abnormal returns rise or retreat during the next month. This is explained as being a result of what they term as the combined return effect that is due to the increased, or decreased, stock visability after the aforementioned high or low trading volume. In this theory, Mingelgrin et al (2001, pp. 877-919) and Anshuman et al (2001, pp. 3-32) argue that stock visability can affect price as a result of a number of rationales. Mayshar (1983, pp. 114-128) draws the conclusion that when a stock experiences either high volume, the effect suggests either optimisum, in the case of buying activity, or negativeism, in the case of selling, that triggers additional activity based upon the premise of at tracting, in the case of buying, additional investors or added buying by present stock holders causing the demand curve to shift upwards. Such effect can be the result of positive news regarding the company concerning sales, meeting profit and or sales targets, and or estimates, positive economic news, and other variables with the reverse, selling sctivity, is also true. Other theories and approaches to the explanation of trading volume can take the form of investor trading styles, beliefs and or theories. Some, investors, utilize trading styles that are based upon the characteristics of the stock correlated against the company’s size and or momentum at a particular point in time (Admati, and Pfleiderer, 1998, pp. 3-40). There are investors, such as professional traders that utilize technical analysis as well as quantitaive strategies for trading whereby if the conditions fit their parameters they invest in large blocks of stock, thus drawing attention to the stock inviting similar or more analysis and potential buying activity (Barberis and Shleifer, 2003, pp. 161-199). The basic unifying theory behind this type of investor trading style is that they tend to hold and acquire stocks that fit their defined characteristics. Conversely, when a stock selection no longer fits these pre-defined style paramters, they tend to be sold, thus creating an other type of trading volume swing if their share holdings are large enough, through the influencing of other shareholders, many of which utilize computer trading programs that detect and alert them to stock momentum swings (Barberis and Shleifer, 2003, pp. 161-199). Stock trading represents the opportunity for investors to profit on the upward movement of companies when their strategy is based upon price appreciation as opposed to dividend returns (Dow, 1999). Termed income stocks, dividend buying can occur at any time, but tends to happen mostly after an established period of earnings and dividend growth, whereas growth, or price appreciation trading is generally tied to positive company developments, news, acquisitions, new markets, innovation and changing industry conditions (Dow, 1999). Growth or price appreciation investors sell winners and sell losers or tend to hold or utilize what is known as averaging to buy additional stock as a lower price so that when it moves upward they can either retrieve losses or break even (Odean, 1998, pp. 1775 – 1798). The varied motivations, trading strategies, theories, trading styles and additional aspects are factors tied to company performance, news, market fundamentals, market cycles, stock price s, and other variables which shall be further examined in terms of the various components of trading volume and stock price variation. Chapter 2 – Trading Volume The factors influencing and affecting trading volume can range from the effects of institutional investments, professional traders, trading programs, company momentum, earnings growth, new product introductions and similar positive company news and or developments, economic forecasts, interest rates, speculation, price appreciation or growth, income or dividend investing, price earnings ratios and positive company fundamentals. Each of the preceding represents a factor or factors that investors utilizes in making a determination to buy or sell, thus creating trading volume. The first of these, institutional investing, represents one of the most influential forces in stock market trading as delegated portfolio management, as it is termed, represents investments made by pension and mutual funds representing huge sums of financial resources seeking growth, or price appreciation, returns (Naik and Maug, 1996). This group is the most influential of all the preceding categories as a result of their research staffs, analysts, corporate analysis programs, tracking programs and other measures as portfolio managers have access to the most complete cross section of economic, industry, individual company and overall stock market data. As a result of the large sums of money that portfolio managers control, their buying and selling activities are closely watched and observed by their peers, thus representing tremendous sums of money that can move into and out of stocks based upon developments that these individuals believe represent buying opportunities, or conditions earmarking sale (Naik and Maug, 1996). Portfolio managers in the U.S., as a result of their fiduciary responsibilities have a number of constraints governing their investment decisions and choices which represent â€Å"†¦ protective covenants †¦Ã¢â‚¬  put into place to mitigate agency problems concerning the actions of investment firms and their portfolio managers who are acting in the public trust (Almazan et al, 2004, p. 289). The preceding is a product of the pressures of the compensation based earnings incentives that portfolio managers operate under, and the risk taking decisions they are subject to. The incidence of peer watching in this industry is an important facet of their investment making decisions as opposed to the belief that they tend to act on individual information and analysis, which is the case for the brightest and most respected of this group, but by and large portfolio managers tend to be followers (Naik and Maug, 1996). The foregoing provides an explanation as to why there are huge monet ary movements into and out of stocks triggered by investment decisions of a key respected group. U.S. pension fund strategy tends to invest more heavily â€Å"†¦ in lower volatility domestic bonds than their UK counterparts †¦ (which tend to) †¦ have a far larger weighing in higher volatility equities† (Blake et al, 1998). In terms of regulations imposed upon UK portfolio managers represents the less restrictive â€Å"†¦ of externally imposed restrictions †¦ on their investment behavior †¦Ã¢â‚¬  found anywhere in the world (Blake et al, 1998). UK portfolio managers are basically â€Å"†¦ unconstrained by their liabilities †¦Ã¢â‚¬  and â€Å"†¦ trustee sponsors †¦Ã¢â‚¬  basically do not infer with their daily operations and investment choices, which is different from â€Å"†¦ their counterparts in continental Europe and elsewhere †¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Blake et al, 1998). This means that UK portfolio mangers can invest in basically â€Å"†¦ any security in any asset class in any currency †¦ and in any amount †¦Ã¢â‚¬ , however there are trustee resistances to derivatives as well as statutory differences regarding â€Å"†¦ self investment in the sponsoring company† (Blake et al, 1998). The preceding is in sharp contrast to portfolio mana gers in the United States who face substantial regulatory controls and litigation threats â€Å"†¦ over imprudent investment behavior †¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Blake et al, 1998). This relatively open and unconstrained investment climate gives UK portfolio managers a large degree of latitude, thus the effects of their investment decisions, monetary movements and reactions of peers and laggards, meaning those who tend to follow the buying and selling behaviours of the more astute managers, has a more profound effect on trading on the London Stock Exchange than in the United States and many other markets. The effect of the follow the leader approach, as put forth by Naik and Maug (1996), does have its supporting points. Fund managers are usually benchmarked against the performance of other fund managers, thus their having usual downward deviations as compared with the industry as a whole can have consequences in terms of their careers and or rankings, whereas standard returns represent the expected performance of the industry and thus investors in the fund are not negatively impacted (Naik and Maug, 1996). The preceding is referred to as a â€Å"†¦ relative performance evaluation element †¦Ã¢â‚¬  and this represents important factors that thus influence the decisions of the portfolio manager’s on how he allocations assets (Naik and Maug, 1996). The importance of the examination of the operational facets that portfolio managers operate under is important in the discussion of the relationship between trading volume and stock price variations in the London Stock Exchan ge as a result of the huge sums of money that portfolio managers control and how such impacts upon the decisions of other investor areas, professional traders, trading programs, style investors, and private investors as a result of their clout. The impact of the preceding is found in the highly concentrated nature of the fund management industry in the United Kingdom whereby a poor fund performance stands out more than in the United States, thus they stand the risk of losing substantial market share as a result of poor performance (Blake et al, 1998). Thus, while UK portfolio managers have less outside regulatory constraints, the market dynamics with regard to the reduced number of funds thus makes them more risk averse, thereby the decisions they make are viewed as being sound by their peers and the general public (AON, 2005). In equating the relative influence that UK portfolio managers have in the market is reflected by the fact that â€Å"†¦ fund assets for UK companies are around 27% (2004) of the market capitalization† of a company, as opposed to approximately 16% in the United States (AON, 2005). The preceding means, according to an analysis conducted by AON, that the theoretical â€Å"†¦ impact on the share price of UK companies †¦ (by funds is) †¦ 7% †¦Ã¢â‚¬  as compared to the impact of funds on share price in the United States that is estimated at 4%. To gain a perspective on the foregoing, one needs to have a broad picture of the ratio of pension funds in relationship to the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) for Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries, which stood at an estimated 43% in 2004 (Roldos, 2004). The preceding represents significant influence that funds hold over the market and thus the share prices of companies by their investment decisions. Pension funds and other institutional investors have and do play an important part in the â€Å"†¦ substantial growth and structural changes in capital markets †¦Ã¢â‚¬  as a result of their providing a means for smaller investors to pool their risks thereby providing them with increased diversification as well as reduced risk and enhanced return (Roldos, 2004). The impact and influence of UK pension funds represent ownership of 16% of listed UK companies, or  £230 billion (FairPensions, 2007). The growth in the power of pension funds and other institutional funds is and has replaced savings in banks as the means for individuals to build retirement income thus representing the growth in the importance, impact and power of funds in the stock and other asset investment markets (Roldos, 2004). The preceding is a significant in that funds will continue to experience their growth patterns thus increasing their impact in investment vehicles and the corresponding influence over pricing and valuations. The importance, impact and influence of institutional funds, which in this context shall refer to pension as well as other fund types, which are at the core of the important relationship between economic development and finance which entails an understanding of the theories, rules, institutions and systems that interact with and impact financial markets and thus stock performance. One theory, ‘efficient market hypothesis’, is defined by Fama (1970, pp. 383-417) is one whereby security prices always reflect the available information regarding the fiscal standing of a listed company. Fama (1970, pp. 383-417) indicates that there are three types of ‘efficient market hypotheses’; the weak, strong and semi-strong forms. The ‘weak form’ suggests that past returns and or prices are a reflection of future returns and or prices, and this form has seemingly held true as a result of the inconsistencies in the performance of technical analysts (Fama, 1970, pp. 383-417). Fama (1970, pp. 383-417) expanded upon the ‘weak form’ concept, including the predicting of future returns utilizing macroeconomic variables and or accounting tools, with the factor of predictability representing the case for arguments against this form. The ‘strong form’ suggests the prices of securities are a reflection of all available data, even that which resides in the private sector, which is open to question in that the well known insiders trading profits are not immediately or readily incorporated into trading prices as put forth by Seyhun (1986, pp. 1337-1345). The ‘semi-strong’ form puts forth that the prices of securities is a reflection of all public information that is available, thereby indicating that securities are not over or under valued, which means that trading is not capable of generating superior returns (Fama, 1970, pp. 383-417). Pinkerton et al (1996, pp. 247-266) tested this hypothesis through intraday tests concerning the release of public information that provided evidence that such developments impacted the price of stocks within minutes, thereby validating this hypothesis in most instances. However, those changes were a result of selected availability to the information by traders and institutional investors whose buying or selling of stock represented the fuel for corrections, thus not proving the theory to hold true as to public information availability adjustments. This was proven via studies conducted concerning announcements such as earnings, stock splits, divestures, takeovers and capital expenditures whereby stock pricing adjustments, in general, happen in a day as opposed to the theory as put forth by the efficient market hypothesis. The ‘efficient market hypothesis’ makes the strong assertion that since new information is available and thus incorporated into the stock price, that such information (new) thus helps to spark increased buying or selling based upon the nature of such information. Ball and Brown (1968, pp. 159-178) conducted a study in the foregoing area with respect to earnings and indicated that the normal prediction of this area represents accountants calculating income from divisions, cost, production, overhead, depreciation, taxes, research and development, leases, and all manner of computations to arrive at projected earnings for a company based upon the information supplied at a given point in time. New and probable income and or market events are generally keep in the accounting area as scenarios that they can utilize to make adjustments to earning when any of the prior predicted occurrences happen, thus there is a delay in the transference of this new information into real terms, hence the statement of stock price corrections taking about one day to manifest themselves, which is contrary to the efficient markets hypothesis. Muscarella and McConnell (1985, pp. 399-422) in their study of capital expenditures found that unanticipated increases in this ar ea had a positive outcome on the market value of a company, and that the reverse was also true. Thus the announcement of such events first sends analysts scrambling to their computers to work in the new variables, thereby effecting a delay in the stock price, with immediate buying taking place as portfolio managers understanding the plus or minus connotations of such announcements and thus getting in of the anticipated stock rise before it happens, meaning volume drives the price before the figures are known and then the price settles in. Chapter 3 The Process of Buying and Selling Stocks To understand the dynamics with regard to the stock trading process, an understanding of the mechanisms is important. Every security that is traded on the London Stock Exchange has a market maker who thus provides a quote representing the buy and sell price of the stock, with the difference between the bid and offer spread representing where they make their profit (StockExchangeSecrets.com, 2007). Marker makers on the London Stock Exchange utilise the SEAQ, which brokers utilize to find out the current quotation, bid/ask price on a particular security (Pagano and Roell, 1990, pp. 63-115). The SEAQ is the Stock Exchange Automated Quotation System that is driven by quotes whereby it updates on a continues basis the bid and offer quotes established by market makers (Pagano and Roell, 1990, pp. 63-115). However the largest and heaviest traded securities use the SETS, Stock Exchange Electronic Trading System), that is utilized to trade blue chip UK stocks that matches buy and sell orders using a price/time basis (Pagano and Roell, 1990, pp. 63-115). The changes in the bid and offer price are reflective of changes that the market makers use based upon their information about the impacts of stock buying and selling as well as the formulas for a company’s market capitalisation, earnings and other variables. In most instances, the run up in price as a result of buying after an announcement tends to be in line with what the relative value of the announcement has in terms of the company’s position, price earnings ratio, market capitalisation and the weight of the past accomplishments of the company over a long period of time. In other words, when a stock initially goes public, investment bankers utilize highly complex formulas along with valuation methods to determine the value of a company via how many shares are to be offered and the price of those shares (investopedia, 2007). The initial price of a stock is a product of the calculated determination of the varied formulas and the relative attractiveness of a stock in terms of its anticipated public acceptance and build-up through advance interest on the part of institutional and private investors (GlobalInvestment Institute, 2007). As the company settles in to performance and achieving results, the stock price begins to change in what can be termed price adjustments as a result of the establishment of more history on the company and the public’s reaction to it via the laws of supply and demand, meaning the number of shares available and stock price correlations (Hischey, 1985, pp. 326-335). The overall facets determining the price of a stock is a complex set of variables. It represents an estimate that is performed of the cash, that includes the company’s future earnings, which can be extracted from the company factored by the fact that cash in the near term is more valuable that cash represe nting five years hence Chan et al (1990, pp. 255-276). In so doing, estimates are run to reach a determination of the risk involved in the receipt of said future cash, or business, along with the time period or periods necessary to accrue the calculated sum(s) (Brainard and Tobin (1968, pp. 99-122). Technical factors as well as the individual and collective sentiments representative of the market place that can thus be termed supply and demand, with technical factors a representation of facts that can be predicted or quantified. The foregoing represent aspects such as the aforementioned position of the company in its industry sector, the rating of its products, goods and or services relative to said industry, positioning of its competitors, its technical and innovative prowess, historical record in its market sector and effectiveness in combating its rivals, the extent of its products and market penetrations in comparison to its competitors as well as its capabilities and resources to deal with and respond to unforeseen events (Brainard and Tobin (1968, pp. 99-122). An example of a company in a solid current market position with sound prospects for the future is Dyson. Its revolutionary Dual Cyclone vacuum represented the first real innovation in the industry in decades, along w ith its revolutionary design, performance and value. The history of dramatic growth and successful expansion into international markets, coupled with its reputation, earnings and positioning as the top selling manufacturer in Western Europe as well as the leading company in the sales of upright vacuums in the large U.S. market in just 16 years represents an example of the preceding (UGS, 2007). The preceding illustrations concerning trading volume have been undertaken to provide the foundational background for a foundational understanding of stock price variation and trading volume on the London Stock Market. As indicated in the examples, factors, theories and explanations utilized represent a complex set of differing variables that are interconnected, yet separate aspects acting within the same context. And number of separate facets can trigger a surge in trading volume of an upward or downward nature that is usually first tied to investor sentiment, and in the case of institutional investors, their individual calculations, projections and analysis of company positions, financials and other factors. And for all of the preceding, it represents a series of initial educated guesses, backed up by technical information, market savvy, and doses of follow the leader, in the case of institutional firms. Chapter 4 – Relationship Between Trading Volume and Stock Price Variations on the London Stock Exchange The importance, impact and influence of trading volume as a compoent in the determination of stock price variations that has been examined through the effects of institutional investing trading volumes, regulations, the follow the leader and peer perspectives, impact of institutional funds as a factor of company and market percentages, efficient market hypothesis, and how stocks are brought and sold. Stock trading volume is linked to the activities conducted by companies as a component of their reputation, future business and earning prospects, the activities of public relations activities to keep the company in the minds of the investing and general public, the effectiveness of its products, goods and services in relationship with its competitors in its industry, and the relative position of the firm in its life cycle. Just as is the case with products that have what are termed their market introduction phase, period of growth, market maturity and sales decline that varying in lengt h and timing (Day, 1981, pp. 66-67), such is also true for companies. The company life cycle (QuickMBA, 2007) represents the stages that a company passes through which can vary in the period of time it remains in certain stages as a factor of its industry type as well as management innovation. The preceding has importance in an examination of stock price variations as well as trading volume in that newer firms will experience more stock price volatility than mature companies that are settled into their industries, such as General Motors, British Airlines, Marks and Spencer, and ASDA/Wall- Mart, as opposed to Dyson, Cambridge Display Technology and innocent. The relative position of a company in its life cycle standing of initial growth / emerging, rapid growth, mature and declining positioning represents a large difference in how the institutional and well as individual investor will view it in terms of it being speculative, growth, long term investment or income, meaning dividends (investopedia, 2007). The preceding represents facets that are reflecte d in its volatility, as initial growth / emerging companies represent a different investment as opposed to a mature company that has been around for decades and has an established stock price. As the later groups, mature and declining companies do not represent the optimum examples to examine stock price variation and their relationship to trading volume, they will be excluded from this examination, as their stock prices are relatively stable, show minor price variation swings and have steady established volume ranges whereby new developments, announcements, news and events, unless extremely dramatic, do not produce large stock price changes. And as is the case with trading volume, stock price variations can have a number of variables that represent differing factors in determining price at any given time. As explained in Chapter 3, The Process of Buying and Selling Stocks, the internal mechanisms of the London Stock Exchange operates in pretty much the same fashion as other major exchanges in that it utilizes market makers, bid and offer spreads and computerized quotation systems to provide brokers with information. As explained by Hischey (1985, pp. 326 – 335) companies are a product of their past and present industry performance as well as their reputation and appeal to the public representing supply and demand for its stock in correlation to that performance and projections of its performance in the future. Chan et al (1990, pp. 255-276) advises that the preceding also includes technical calculations of risk, and future performance along with cash positions and value. The ability of the company to demonstrate i ts potential to handle stable and unstable economic conditions as well as known and unforeseen events arising from competitors along with marketplace conditions, and its past history in the handling of these variables are also factors that are determinants of stock pricing (Brainard and Tobin, 1968, pp. 99-122). The correlation between the preceding and the effects of trading volume on stock pricing and how this impacts it, variations, represents a context that calls into play the aspects of trading volume referred to in Chapter 2 – Trading Volume, as well as Chapter 3 – The Process of Buying and Selling Stocks, and how these factors impact on stock price variations. Karpoff (1987, pp. 109-126) as well as Rogalski (1978, pp. 268-274) agree on the fact that there is a positive correlation between trading volume and price changes and that volume is related to price change magnitudes. The mixture of distributions hypothesis represents a dynamic method illustrating returns and trading volume when the information process regarding arrival has been identified (Andersen, 1996, pp. 169-204). Volatility in stocks represents the standard deviation of change in price that occurs in a specific time period (martinsewell.com, 2006). The mixtur